Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are members of the TGF–{beta} superfamily, acting as potent regulators during embryogenesis and bone and cartilage formation and repair. The clinical use of BMPs is growing mainly in off–label applications, with robust evidence to ascertain rhBMPs’ safety and efficacy through well–designed, randomized, and double–blind clinical trials. Here authors review and discuss the critical data on BMP structure, mechanisms of action, and possible clinical applications.
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